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Industrial gases are a group of gases that are specifically manufactured for use in a wide range of industries, which include oil and gas, petrochemicals, chemicals, power, mining, steelmaking, metals, environmental protection, medicine, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, food, water, fertilizers, nuclear power, electronics and aerospace. Their production is a part of the wider chemical Industry (where industrial gases are often seen as "speciality chemicals"). The principal gases provided are nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, hydrogen, helium and acetylene; although a huge variety of gases and mixtures are available in gas cylinders. The industry producing these gases is known as the industrial gases industry, which is seen as also encompassing the supply of equipment and technology to produce and use the gases. Whilst most industrial gas is usually only sold to other industrial enterprises; retail sales or hire of gas cylinders and associated equipment to tradesmen and the general public are available through gas local agents and typically includes products such as balloon helium , dispensing gases for beer kegs, welding gases and welding equipment, LPG and medical oxygen. Very small scale gas supply is not confined to just the industrial gas companies. A wide variety of hand-carried small gas containers, which may be called cylinders, bottles, cartridges, capsules or canisters are available to supply LPG, butane, propane, carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide. Examples are whippets, powerlets, campingaz and sodastream. == Early history of gases== The first gas from the natural environment used by man was almost certainly air when it was discovered that blowing on or fanning a fire made it burn brighter. Man also used the warm gases from a fire to smoke food. Steam from boiling water has also been used by man in cooking foods. Carbon dioxide has been known from ancient times as the byproduct of fermentation, particularly for beverages, which was first documented dating from 7000–6600 BCE in Jiahu, China. Natural gas was used by the Chinese in about 500 B.C. when they discovered the potential to transport gas seeping from the ground in crude pipelines of bamboo to where it was used to boil sea water.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History )〕 Sulfur dioxide was first used by the Romans in winemaking when it was discovered that if you burn candles made of sulfur inside empty wine vessels it would keep them fresh and prevent them gaining a vinegar smell.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=www.practicalwinery.com )〕 However until the advent of scientific method and the science of chemistry, none of these gases would have been positively identified or understood. The history of chemistry tells us that a number of gases were identified and either discovered or first made in relatively pure form during the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries by notable chemists in their laboratories. The timeline of attributed discovery for various gases are carbon dioxide (1754), hydrogen (1766),〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=vanderkrogt.net )〕 nitrogen (1772),〔 nitrous oxide (1772) 〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=School of Chemistry, University of Bristol )〕 , oxygen (1773) 〔 , ammonia (1774),〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry )〕 chlorine (1774),〔 methane (1776),〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry )〕 hydrogen sulfide (1777),〔Carl Wilhelm Scheele, ''Chemische Abhandlung von der Luft und dem Feuer'' (Chemical treatise on air and fire) (Upsala, Sweden: Magnus Swederus, 1777), (§ 97: Die stinckende Schwefel Luft ) (The stinking sulfur air (gas )), pp. 149-155.〕 carbon monoxide (1800),〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry )〕 hydrogen chloride (1810),〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry )〕 acetylene (1836), helium (1868) 〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Helium facts - History )〕 fluorine (1886),〔 argon (1894),〔 krypton, neon and xenon (1898) 〔 and radon (1899).〔 Carbon dioxide, hydrogen, nitrous oxide, oxygen, ammonia, chlorine, sulfur dioxide and manufactured fuel gas were already being used during the 19th century, and mainly had uses in food, refrigeration, medicine, and for fuel and gas lighting.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=www.cganet.com )〕 For example, carbonated water was being made from 1772 and commercially from 1783, chlorine was first used to bleach textiles in 1785 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History - Discovering Chlorine )〕 and nitrous oxide was first used for dentistry anaethesia in 1844.〔 At this time gases were often generated for immediate use by chemical reactions. A notable example of a generator is Kipps apparatus which was invented in 1844 〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=http://mattson.creighton.edu/ )〕 and could be used to generate gases such as hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, acetylene and carbon dioxide by simple gas evolution reactions. Acetylene was manufactured commercially from 1893 and acetylene generators were used from about 1898 to produce gas for gas cooking and gas lighting, however electricity took over as more practical for lighting and once LPG was produced commercially from 1912, the use of acetylene for cooking declined.〔 Once gases had been discovered and produced in modest quantities, the process of industrialisation spurred on innovation and invention of technology to produce larger quantities of these gases. Notable developments in the industrial production of gases include the electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen (in 1869) and oxygen (from 1888), the Brin process for oxygen production which was invented in the 1884, the chloralkali process to produce chlorine in 1892 and the Haber Process to produce ammonia in 1908.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=http://www.tcetoday.com )〕 The development of uses in refrigeration also enabled advances in air conditioning and the liquefaction of gases. Carbon dioxide was first liquefied in 1823. The first Vapor-compression refrigeration cycle using ether was invented in 1834 and a similar cycle using ammonia was invented in 1873 and another with sulfur dioxide in 1876.〔 Liquid oxygen and Liquid nitrogen were both first made in 1883; Liquid hydrogen was first made in 1898 and liquid helium in 1908. LPG was first made in 1910. A patent for LNG was filed in 1914 with the first commercial production in 1917.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF LNG )〕 Although no one event marks the beginning of the industrial gas industry, many would take it to be the 1880s with the construction of the first high pressure gas cylinders.〔 Initially cylinders were mostly used for carbon dioxide in carbonation or dispensing of beverages. In 1895 refrigeration compression cycles were further developed to enable the liquefaction of air,〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=http://www.tcetoday.com )〕 most notably by Carl von Linde allowing larger quantities of oxygen production and in 1896 the discovery that large quantities of acetylene could be dissolved in acetone and rendered nonexplosive allowed the safe bottling of acetylene.〔(History – Acetylene dissolved in acetone ). Aga.com. Retrieved on 2012-11-26.〕 A particularly important use was the development of welding and metal cutting done with oxygen and acetylene from the early 1900s. As production processes for other gases were developed many more gases came to be sold in cylinders without the need for a gas generator. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Industrial gas」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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